Environmental Stress: Cool Climates

Environmental Stress: Cool Climates

            Responses to cold can be described by two physiological responses; these responses are ones which retain heat and ones which increase heat production. Heat retention is considered to be the most beneficial because it requires less energy. This disrupts the survival of humans by disturbing homeostasis because energy comes from nutrition and diet. This is a problem because in cold conditions there is typically not very much food. This makes heat retention important because it became the primary way to survive without heat from food.

            One short term way that humans have an adapted to cold is by vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction minimizes heat loss making it an energy efficient way of maintaining heat in the cold. Vasoconstriction is when blood vessels narrow in order to reduce blood flow to the skin. This response is involuntary and reduces heat loss at the surface of skin. A Facultative response to cold at times was voluntary exercise. Though this method warmed the body by generating muscle heat this was not the ideal method because is required food and nutrients from food in order to maintain energy. Developmental responses to cold have been found in changes of the facial shape. Additionally, cold has an effect on metabolic rate. The cooler the climate the faster the metabolic rate of the people within it. Cultural responses to cold include, building fires, using animal skin as clothing, and building shelters.

Vasoconstriction VS. Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction in Hands

                                                        Faculative: Voluntary Excercise

                                       Developmental Response to Cold: Global Metabolic Impact

Cultural Response to Cold

            Studying how cooler climates effected the evolution of humans can be very informational in regards to how we came to where we are based on how different hominid species were able to survive and adapt to their surroundings in order to live and reproduce. The environment has much to do with our bodies, how fast we metabolize food, what kind of food we take, and how we behave given the resources that are available in cooler climates.  This is all useful in allowing us to learn more about our background and how we as people better acclimate to certain environments today and how we have evolved to do so. This in my opinion reveals a lot about human history and how different people live in specific areas that are better suited for their physiological needs. This information can be productive in case of traveling or even emergencies. It is important to keep in mind especially when traveling to different areas how our bodies may not be used to certain conditions and what we must do in order to be better suited. For example, if you are going sailing and you are moving into cooler areas with rougher conditions it would be wise to know how to protect yourself from the cold and what to do to preserve energy.

            Using race in adaptation number two for exercise would be difficult, however, perhaps instead of focusing on how different races may be predisposed to be better at some exercise or have more ways of achieving better ways to survive or maintain homeostasis a better response would be to question how different people have different builds which allow them different athletic or survival abilities. Instead of the question of who is the best race to adapt it should be a question of what build physically is the best suited in certain climates based on their physical ability. A valuable lesson is that all people regardless of race are built differently. Perhaps then and even now different people regardless of race some people physically may have had a less difficult time using energy to voluntarily jump around or stay active than others did to acclimate to the cool weather. We can better understand people when race is separated from what we can and cannot do as well as what we expect of others. Race does not define a weaker or stronger group, however, perhaps we may assert that different people regardless of race are better designed to perform certain tasks or survive certain conditions.

Works Cited

Jurmaine, Robert. "Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Adaptation." Introduction to Physical Anthropology. 2013-2014 ed. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2014. Print.

The Evolution of Language 2

PART: 1

Thoroughly describe your own experiences and the responses of your partners to the experiment.Did you find this assignment easy or difficult and why? Did your partners alter the way they Communicated with you because of your absence of communication? Describe. (5 pts)

            This biggest issue revolved around, getting your point across to a group of individuals when your communication skills are being suppressed or unable to be utilized. The most prevalent issue was the absence of verbal expression and being able to express and participate using detailed and precise words or expressions of concepts and ideas. In the experiment the group majority of individuals involved within the experiment interpreted my non-verbal gestures rather successfully. During this experiment I have found that non-verbal communication was not as difficult to be interpreted. However, one thing that was kept into consideration was the cultural similarities that we share. It is very simple as people of the same culture to understand specific gestures or signals which are constantly being circulated socially. My partners of the experiment did not change to accommodate the experiment, let alone my lack of ability to fully communicate.  However, on the contrary I felt that I was the individual who felt obliged to accommodate or forcefully over express my opinions or emotions to better accommodate the majority. This portion of the experiment certainly appeared to be more difficult in my experience opposed to verbal expression.

Who was in control of the conversation, you or your partner? Who initiated or changed topics?

Who asked and who answered questions? If you conducted this experiment with more than one

person, were you ever excluded from the conversation? If you think of a conversation as a balance of power between two (or more) individuals, who had the power in this conversation, you or your partner? Explain your answer. (5 pts)

        

   The individual’s involved in the language experiment consisted of eight people. My colleagues of eight were in charge of and initiated as well as changed the topics in the non-verbal application of the experiment. During the questioning, mostly regarding opinions and feedback on the given topic, I would say I felt rather un-included. Based on the experiment I have concluded that many minority individuals who are not well adapted fell excluded are unable to express their needs, both physically and emotionally. Based on observation of the language experiment, many individuals of the majority to notice or understand the individual who is unable to successfully express oneself; for they are unable to express or contribute to common conversation. For example, feelings, emotions, needs, attitudes, and opinions are mutually suppressed when neither individual can communicate effectively. In my study it appears that this may culturally have a lot to do with power balance, majority trends or social construction, as well as holding the standard of the given society as interpreted in a macro-comparative terms, results in the inability to survive for those who are unable to adapt. Over all my partners held the largest amount of control during the experiment.

Imagine that you and your partners in the conversation represent two different cultures, one that uses spoken language and one that doesn’t. Which culture has the advantage in communicating complex ideas within their population? What attitudes might the speaking culture have toward the culture that does not use symbolic language? Can you identify any modern situations that mirror or Resemble this relationship between a culture that can speak and culture that can’t? (10 pts)

            Based on the experiment conducted it appeared as though the group expressing vocally appeared to have the advantage. Based on observation, although nonverbal communication was easily readable by my partners, the non-verbal gestures did not contain detail or specific expressive desires in regards to survival and satisfaction. The attitudes of speaking culture may think the non-speaking culture is strange or feel frustration. I have additionally found that ignoring the minority isn’t always intentional. At times it is socially coerced and even others participating do not notice the absence of minority input. Modern society focuses more on psychological and empathetic impact opposed to survival needs of post societal historical contextual needs. Today in modern American western culture we additionally have different needs and priorities regarding survival needs as well as what we connotatively consider means of survival.

      

PART: 2   

      

Thoroughly describe your own experiences and the responses of your partners to the experiment.Did you find this assignment easy or difficult and why? How did your partner(s) respond to yourlack of body language? Did they have any difficulty understanding you? Describe. (5 pts)

     In my experience through  this project I found that nonverbal communication is just as important as verbal communication and it was difficult to get the full accurate message being put out there when you don’t have both verbal and nonverbal understanding together. My partners during the experiment did not respond very much, I almost think they may have forgotten which I felt helped make the experiment more realistic. They did have a difficult time understanding me and after some time eventually just stopped noticing or attempting to interpret my part of the conversation. I understand this because in group settings it is priority to accommodate and settle for the best of the given majority of society. This is additionally noted in the difficulty to accommodate or even isolate one’s self to accommodate one who is not a part of the majority.

What does this experiment say about our use of “signs” in our language, i.e., how important is nonspeech language techniques in our ability to communicate effectively? What type of informationdo humans receive about the words a person is speaking when they “read” a person’s bodylanguage?

           

   Non-verbal communication is highly significant in regards to connotations about universally dynamic denotative terms and references. Learning to read gestures allows us to understand the emotions and needs of others as well as their state of mind. The type of communicative expectations are based on the given society and familiarized interpretation of body language and terms which may be denotatively universal but cross-culturally diverse in terms of connotations.

Describe the adaptive benefit to possessing the ability to read body language. How might the

Ability to read body language help a person survive, obtain resources, and reproduce successfully?

         

        The acquisition of skill regarding learning to read body language nonverbal gestures are highly significant in successfully expressing ones needs socially, institutionally, as well as physically. Based on this study I feel it is important to understand someone’s emotional state and how they are responding to what you’re saying. Learning to express what you need is something necessary to survive in multiple aspects of our lives.

Are there people who have difficulty reading body language and can you identify them? Can youDescribe a situation where there might be a benefit to not reading someone’s body language, i.e., aSituation where perhaps body language does not give you reliable information?

          

           Some individuals do not appear to be comprehensive of body language. It was the entire group who became unengaged when it became too difficult understand me. In a majority I do not feel this is something intentional. I feel as though it is natural to adapt to what is the majority or acceptable; in other words a sense of social coercion. A benefit of reading someone’s body language is you are able to efficiently get your message across as well as receive it making obtaining what you need and how you feel easier and more accurate. Additionally it is almost natural to experience one individual reacting to the most common or expected language or gesture in which is familiarized. Body language may be deceiving when others may be either trying to create a facade of emotions or they are from a different culture in which their connotations differ from our own.

The Evolution of Language

The Evolution of Language

Verbal and non-verbal communication are highly significant factors of survival and vary both socially and culturally. Communication, indisputably, is the most dynamically important factor in regards to survival and communicatory understanding of survival in a given society. This is something highly important to effective adaptation as well as understanding the opinions, state of mind, as well as the needs of those around you. This conflictual issue revolved around, based on my experience, mostly interpersonal as well as group assimilations as well as achievement in regards to the interactions in which occur within these two social situations. The most prevalent  issue was the absence of verbal expression in detailed and precise words or expressions of concepts and ideas. In the experiment the group majority of individuals involved within the experiment interpreted my non-verbal gestures rather successfully. During this experiment I have found that non-verbal communication was not as difficult to be interpreted. However, one thing that was kept into consideration was the culture we have manifested in our society and have familiarized culturally. It is very simple as people of  the American western culture to understand specific gestures or signals in which are being circulated interpersonally as well as one a wider level. My partner’s of the experiment did not change to accommodate the experiment, let alone my lack of ability to fully communicate.  However, quite contrary I felt that I was the individual who felt obliged to accommodate or forcefully over express my opinions or emotions to better accommodate the majority. This portion of the experiment certainly appeared to be more difficult in my experience opposed to verbal expression.

            The individual’s involved in the language experiment consisted of eight people. My colleagues were in charge of, and initiated the topics in the non-verbal application of the experiment. During the questioning, mostly regarding opinions and feedback on the given topic, I would say I felt rather un-included. Based on the experiment I have concluded that many minority individuals who are not well adapted fell excluded are unable to express their needs, both physically and emotionally. Based on observation of the language experiment, many individuals of the majority to notice or understand the individual who is unable to successfully express oneself; for they are unable to express or contribute to common conversation. For example, feelings, emotions, needs, attitudes, and opinions are mutually suppressed when neither individual can communicate effectively. In my study it appears that this may culturally have a lot to do with power balance, majority trends or social construction, as well as holding the standard of the given society as interpreted in a macro-comparative terms, results in the inability to survive for those who are unable to adapt.    

            Though the duration of this experiment one must consider the different power and face societies as well as how denotative content is interpreted differently connotatively different universally. Based on the experiment conducted it appeared as though the group expressing vocally appeared to have the advantage. Based on observation, although nonverbal communication was easily readable by my partners, the non-verbal gestures did not contain detail or specific expressive desires in regards to survival and satisfaction. I have additionally found that ignoring the minority isn’t always intentional. At times it is socially coerced and even others participating do not notice the absence of minority input. Modern society focuses more on psychological and empathetic impact opposed to survival needs of post societal historical contextual needs. Today in modern American western culture we additionally have different needs and priorities regarding surviva needs as well as what we connotatively consider means of survival.

           

            In my personal experience based on the designed experiment, I felt as though ones opinions who are based on minority, are of less importance of the majority group. It appears as the individual who is less adaptable commincatorily, may be adaptively, socially, and institutionally suppressed. My partners during the experiment did not respond. It was much more expected for the minority to respond and accommodate the majority and assimilate. In group settings it is priority to accommodate and settle for the best of the given majority of society. This is additionally noted in the difficulty to accommodate or even isolate ones self to accommodate one who is not a part of the majority. This experiment, in my opinion, based on what was conducted, revealed a repressive side of social interaction when lacks of specific communicatory skills are present within a interactive group.

           

            Non-verbal communication is highly significant in regards to connotations about universally dynamic denotative terms and references. Culture has much to do with the ways in which culture connotation and face work as well as power distance has an effect on interpreting others state of minds and needs. This type of communicatory expectations is based on the given society and familiarized interpretation of body language and terms which may be denotatively universal but cross-culturally diverse.

            The acquisition of skill regarding learning face work cross culturally and interpersonally as well as non verbal gestures are highly significant in successfully expressing ones needs socially, institutionally, as well as physically. Based on this study I feel It is similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and how we need to satisfy certain needs in order to achieve happiness or self actualization. This androgynous behavior and cross culture understanding leads to better expressions of needs, thus leading to better survival skills.

            Some individuals do not appear to be comprehensive of body language. In a majority I do not feel this is something intentional. I feel as though it is natural to adapt to what is the majority or acceptable; in other words a sense of social coercion. Additionally it is almost natural to experience one individual reacting to the most common or expected language or gesture in which is familiarized. Body language may be deceiving when others may be either trying to create a façade of emotions or they are from a different culture in which their connotations differ from our own.

The Piltdown Hoax

           The Piltdown hoax was an evolutionary hoax which began in the early 1900's. The Piltdown hoax all began in 1912 with an amateur archaeologist named Charles Dawson who had claimed to have found ancient human skulls while digging in Piltdown in Southern New England. The progression of the false evolutionary find continued when Dawson Invites Paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward, and French paleontologist, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin to dig with him. The three, following the claim of finding evidence, which would gain these paleontologist’s scientific prestige, kept these fossils locked and isolated within the hands of Chris Stringer, the head of the natural history museum in London. The significance behind this fossil find was that it would have been one of the first ancient, possibly the most ancient, forms of evidence of evolution and similarities between apes and humans. This to England at the time was also very appealing to the public because it would have been the first proof of evolutionary human descent in England. What was interesting, or rather claimed to be interesting about the find, was the shape of the skull which was one that was similar to an ape, while the teeth were that of the human. However, an interesting fact was that Arthur Woodward’s specialty was not in the study of human evolution but that of the fish. Arthur Woodward promoted this idea because it supported his scientific claim that humans develop large brains before walking upright, which was concluded to be incorrect today. Because this studies lack of publicity, exposure, and overall being kept nearly in a secretively manner, this was a large contribution to the lack of expressed inquires regarding the study. Many people were afraid to question these men , the idea of it being in England was appealing to the community, and there was not enough medial exposure in general to allow for questions, refutes, and improvements in finding and resolving correct inconsistencies. The falling point of the Piltdown theory began during World War II with the use of fluorine tests which revealed many interesting things regarding these so called “evolutionary findings.” During this time in the 20's, what really set the standard for questioning Piltdown was the discovery of bones that were found hundreds of thousands of years after the Piltdown man, with the difference being the skull in a less human form. Then in 1953 the first full scaled analyses had been performed on the fossil findings. The results shockingly revealed that the teeth and parts of the face had been filed, or in some way tampered with extremely. Additionally, the bones that were found were in fact less than 100 years old and that of an orangutan. Scientists concluded that all of these men had one sort of a connection or another in the act of this hoax. Dawson began the study, however, Woodward also had a strong motive, to prove his theory, and although later the volunteer who worked with Woodward was found with the exactly same stained types of fossils, his motive was weak, however may have taken the initiative to investigate the accuracy of what was going on. In my opinion I believe they each played a role of greed for academic and scientific prestige. These findings, tampering’s, and fraudulent claims put many scientists down in the field and many scientists feel that bad experts have destroyed the good experts credibility.

            I believe that as ambitious men who desired to hold a certain position in society, who are non-patient, and focus their genius and abilities to manipulate others is a large characteristic all these men play. The issues that came into play mostly was derived from greed, greed of fame and honor that frankly wasn't earned, and in the end destroyed their credibility as a whole while disappointing many people. Additionally, when bad research spreads it can affect a large population of people in multifarious negative ways. Additionally, because of the lack of publication, many people did not get the opportunity to ask questions or give feedback, leaving these scientists and the entire community believing in false information, thus delaying the process of evolutionary discovery furthermore, in addition to creating many skeptics of evolution in the process.

            The positive aspects in the revelation of the skull were the fluorine tests and the discoveries of different skulls, accompanied by scientists who stepped up and acted assertively in their search for the truth. The comparison of the bones found in the 20’s, contradicted the structural skull bones of the human in the Piltdown theory. Then in the 1950's new technology was discovered which allowed for a full fledged analysis on the teeth showing that the bones have in fact been tampered with.

            I’m sure it is possible and we have ways of doing so, similar to technology we use to discover outer space or in the ocean. However, all we try to do is find new and efficient ways to get REAL people on space or in the ocean because, contrary to popular belief, we are much smarter than robots. I would not like to see robots take full charge of discoveries like this, it is much more meaningful for humans to learn about ourselves by taking initiative personally. Yes, using technology in accordance with human action is something that is important and led to these new discoveries, but I do not believe, for these reasons, that robots would do a more thorough job. Machines make mistake which may alter research as well.

            An important lesson to take into consideration is to know what experts are feeding us the research we are absorbing, let alone allowing to be manifested in our society or culture. It is important to remember that although people who hold certain credible positions may be expected to behave in a certain way, which is not life nor the reality of the case. It is important to question and annotate the research we review and consider that there may be faults or disagreements, or even possible alterations that may affected, or arise from the research in the near future.

            Lemurs, located, mainly and most formerly on the island of Madagascar, are located in a radically different level of weather in comparison to the other primates. Because of over population and agriculture in which occurs in agricultural society’s, we see a lot of man land being taken over in the lemur society. Because they are forced to be grounded animals, they additionally because of their ability to spread based on environment; causing large diversity in the Eco system.

            Sifakas; who live in exceedingly large primate groups, live in families, in which their offspring is produced within the woman’s five or four month gestation period; thus producing ones offspring. In the mother’s belly holds the fetus, but then is carried structurally different. Unlike humans, the offspring is weaned off at approximately six months.

             What occupies these dynamic structures of socialization, is that many of these primates often utilize their time feeding, partaking in grooming children and migration, as well as multifarious social behaviors; Lemurs in general value and rely on scent for communicative purposes.

            Members of this family have a tendency to care for others, though they may not breed apart of the family they have a need to provide for others, specifically of their own kind. These types are food forgers, they live off the land, mostly led by the women in the family.

            Loco-motor behaviors, in which are frequent and most identifiable, as those in which are jumpers, similarly to be leaper as the lemurs. What makes them such similar animals is due to their ability to excel in their certain biological abilities to jump very high, especially in terms of being non retractable animals. These animals are very good at jumping and concealing themselves in their natural habitat.

            These animals can jump typically very high, nearly 40 feet. However, when a specific height cannot be accomplished, they are able to balance themselves accordingly. The monkey, specifically spider moneys, and also in relation to the slow Loris, are very similar in terms of jumping and independent animals. Originally they were first seen in Mexico. The genre of living animals accompanied by relatives consist of a family of 35-40 living individuals. The difference, in which lies between the spider monkey and others of the same type, specifically is between the differences in gender in between the two; defection, sleep, and procreation. These food foragers spend a vast amount of their day in exceedingly high branches and levels, in which food, is readily available.

            The responsibility of the females are the births of up to five years. Monkeys are in act the most dependent species in regards to their mothers; Relying on food in which is given by the mother, in which their children relate to who is in fact the mother/ Caretaker. Often times the monkeys, in regards to daily tasks, break up in a sense that can compartmentalized. This compartmentalization has all to do wi5rth the demographics and the level of competition amongst this family of primates. An example would be how females and their children share a bond while the men share a protective bond of their own.

             The ability of these monkey is to climb athletically as well as gymnastically, in order to successful survive in habitat. The different locomotion’s in which occur in spider monkeys are those in which are bipedalism, quadrupedal, as well as brachiating. What makes these animals so successful because they do not rely on all libels for balance.

            What’s so fascinating about these creatures is they are not just regular but as we have perhaps seen the slow Loris we see how they have hands, nearly almost thumbs just as us humans! And they are in fact in the monkey family. The hands of the monkey and slow Loris are especially handy in regards to balance, especially when it comes to environmental selection; however these handed creatures do not have thumbs.

            Baboons, stemming from most of the Middle East. Baboons unlike the spider monkey, typically live within a level area opposed to trees. They typically live in a genre ranging from 10-200. The leaders of these groups are typically males.

            The difference between the different baboons, are their living situations. The men of the groups are very possessive and protective.

            The man baboon is large much larger, nearly 3 to four times the size of the average woman baboon. Baboons and all apes utilize four limbs unlike humans making them much different behaviorally and physically operationally.

            The forelimbs and hind limbs are long in relation to the trunk and almost equal in length to each other. They are generally kept straight during quadruples tic. Hamadryads Baboons have a body weight of 26-46 lbs. which might be why they don’t move about in trees all day and only utilize trees for sleeping and protection from predators. They travel for longer distances and usually forage. They have an ability of swiftness which allows them to move safely and avoid predators such as Leopards, lions, and hyenas. These enemies and others live on the ground, since they hunt at night, baboons sleep in trees for safety. They have short tails and rough spots on their protruding buttocks which are nerveless, hairless pads of skin that provide for the sitting comfortably.

            On the contrary, gibbons which are subtropical creatures who originated in areas most closely to South Asia. These animals in which reside in this specific geographical area are able to grow to nearly 30 to ninety pounds! These animals are highly protective of their territories.

            How these cute creatures raise young and live is through protective circumstances. They curdle and tuck their heads as much as possible, in order to feel, sleep and stay safe. The place for these animals is clearly where they are best adapted to, the tree in which they seek and less the floor, a place in which is safe and natural.

            Chimps live in tropical weather similar to places like Hawaii or Africa! Although we imagine these primates as those who are tree dwellers they are quite the opposite and reside in more land and grass covered territories’ then not. Chimps travel compartmentalized as mentioned before. The way in which they segregate to travel is mother with child, men, and man apes in which travel lone, in which he, of course, is still in charge! Though this is the case Chimps spend a vast amount of time in trees opposed to the ground; recreating sleeping areas for comfort and solitary by-nightly.

            The mother Chimps have, unlike us humans, an extensive period of labor, in which they endure a large 230 day labor experience, giving birth singly every 3-4 years, raising their children, again singularly! Like humans we all endure a rank of class amongst society, apes, themselves are more aggressive about so, and tend to battle over status.

            The purpose behind the locomotive behavior in chimps, I see way their knuckles drag along the floor. These animals have evolved via their thumbs fingers and thinking patterns; making them the ideal comparison of how we use our bodies, in comparisons to other primates!     

Photos of Comparison!

            

            The dog, is a great way of comparing homologous traits as well as those which are analogous. The dog, who have been domesticated by humans, are in fact one in the same as wolves! Specifically those traits which relate to instincts, temperament, and reactions. The wolf, formerly known as the gray wolf, is one of the largest and most far back traced member of the canidae family; the dog  is considered the domesticated version of the grey wolf. Additionally, Genetic drift studies, have confirmed that even domesticated dogs share a common gene pool with the gray wolf!

            According to recent research, reported by, Elaine Ostrander, in 2007, it is suggested that, "The dog has emerged as a premier species for the study of morphology, behavior and disease, due to the recent availability of a high- quality draft sequence, in which lifts the dogs system to a new threshold. Dogs, who originated from the wolf, or gray wolf, have very distinct genetic units which can be hierarchically divided into four groups." Evidence also suggested by Ostrander, in 2007, suggests that, “We review evidence showing that dogs have high levels of linkage disequilibrium. Consequently, given that dog breeds express specific phenotypic traits and vary in behavior and the incidence of genetic disease, genomic-wide scans for linkage disequilibrium may allow  Although dogs and wolfs may be very similar, Ostrander is suggesting that the behaviors in which they act upon are somewhat radically different. While a dog may be more dependent on survival, especially because of domestication, the wolf cannot stand to be domesticated.

            The common ancestor of the dog is the wolf or gray wolf. It is suggested by recent research that: in the structure of their body and brains suggests that they are common ancestors.  A graph, in which a couple similarities and differences presented, suggested by Orstrader, in 2007, Illustrates the similarities and differences in the grey wolf and dog, the differences in their behavior actually more stem from their domestication. For example, like wolves need other wolves, dogs need companionship as well, which is sought through their owners. However, due to different domestications and ways in which they survive creates their disposition in hunting, loneliness, and need for affection. Additionally, wolfs develop larger huskier, and with longer muzzles and faces, similar to the husky which is the first cousin to the wolf.

The Grey wolf

The Husky!

            According to, Diedrich, Cajus, in 2013, the hyena, which is a dog like animal, more so behaves like a feline or viverridaes, and compromise a family of small to average sized mammals which consist of 15 genra, subdivided into 38 species.

            Although hyenas are more so related to felines and cicerrids, hyenas are temperamentally and behaviorally more similar to canines; dogs and wolves. The following ways in which they are similar are that: both hyenas and canines are non-arboreal and hunters who catch prey with their teeth opposed to claws, more so like cats. Additionally, they both tend to eat food quickly and store it as well, along with the similarities in their feet: which are calloused, large, blunt, with nails that are non-retractable; made for running and sharp turns. An interesting difference found was that, the hyenas grooming, scent marking, defecating habits, mating, and parenting behavior, is most closely related to felines and filiforms.

            The felis cattus, which is the cat species, the common ancestor of hyenas, share many similar pursuits as do the canidae lupis family; the wolf and dog. Although these similarities are shared, we know that cats and dogs are very different. When we approach the situation at a surface level and compare, simply, the difference between cats and dogs, we are able to see the difference in how the approach hunting as well as in their behavior. While baring similarities, we see the differences in the hyena versus the dog and grey wolf, in their behavioral patterns more so then their hunting patterns. Additionally, we know they are analogously related because of their similarities in their physical structure and hunting disposition, the difference being their common ancestor; the cat opposed to the dog family, formerly referred to as the Felis catus Linnaeus family and the canidae lupis family.

   

 The Grey wolf

            

The Husky         

 The Hyena

References

Diedrich, Cajus G. "Extinctions of Late Ice Age Cave Bears as a Result of Climate/Habitat Change and Large Carnivore Lion/Hyena/Wolf Predation Stress in Europe." ISRN Zoology 2013 (2013).

Ostrander, Elaine. "The Canine Genome." The Canine Genome. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1 Jan. 2007. Web. <http://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1706.long>.

Protein Synthesis: Coding and Decoding

DNA code:
 ACCTACATTTCAGCAAACGGCCCGTAACCGCATAGTCAAATCCUU.

Thomas Malthus and Charles Darwin: Analyzing the Influence of Malthus

            My Initial thought was to say that Jean Baptiste Lamark was the most influential individual in Darwin’s ideas, before further research, because he was the first person to suggest that humans evolved from a lower species through adaptions over time, thus inspiring Darwin’s theory of natural selection. However, According to further research by Thomas Leonard, in 2009, changed my opinion; because of Jean Baptiste Lamarks incorrect transfer of principle to Darwin, I would say that although a large contribution was made to Darwin’s ideas he did have a slight negative influence on Darwin’s study. On the contrary, I believe Thomas Malthus to be the most influential individual in Darwin’s study.  Malthus, though not a scientist, was an expert in economics and understood fully the growth and decline of populations. Darwin, intrigued by the idea of a quickly evolving population, one that is even quicker than the availability and production of food could continue on and lead to starvation, competition, and eventually level out. These factors were key contributors of Darwin’s ideas regarding “survival of the fittest”. Additionally, Malthus' ideas seemed to be the basis of support in Darwin’s study on the Finches of the Galapagos regarding their break adaptations.  This is to say that only certain individuals of a species who had favorable adaptations would survive long enough to pass down those traits to their offspring and continue on with evolution; the fundamentals of natural selection (Leonard, Thomas, 2009).

         According to research suggested by Keith Thompson, in 2015, In the late 70’s a work which inspired many theorists and scientists was the Essay on the Principle of Populations, written by Malthus and is popularly known as his best work. Malthus was highly interested in the idea that humans were living in poverty and worked to explain why. Malthus after research then suggested that populations would grow in areas with plenty of resources, however, those resources were over used to the point of some of the given populations would have to go without food or necessary resources for survival. What was so meaningful in the work of Malthus is that he not only found these problems but he also found solutions. His solution suggested that populations must maintain certain boundaries by increasing rate of death or lowering rate of birth. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace were inspired by the Principle of population and much of it influenced their own research as well; nature being reflected in the human population. His idea of overpopulation and death indisputably shaped many of the ideas of natural selection and the idea of Survival of the Fittest (Thomson, Keith, 2015).

            The two points made by Malthus, which largely inspired Darwin’s work, based on the bullet point list, is: Organisms with better access to resources will be more successful in their reproductive efforts, as well resources as limited. Malthus focused on a solution in regards to the problem of more people than product as well as why and who is better able to obtain these resources and survive as well as reproduce largely and positively influencing the works of Darwin in his idea of Natural selection.

            I believe that although much of his work was inspired by ideas of Thomas Malthus I do believe because of the research he was currently doing and its relation to the ideas of Malthus, I believe he in fact would have himself come across and research the topic at some point of his career, Malthus provided him with additional inspiration and an intellectual idea to be built upon.

            During the Context of the Time the church institutions and scientific research group’s widely collided and frequently were in conflict with one another’s ideas and perceptions. The issue of the church in the scientific research of Darwin was the church system suppressing proven ideas which conflict with the power of the church. Often times the church would downplay Darwin’s research as him being a man who is simply struggling to believe in a higher power and obey religious rule. However the conflict was with in Darwin’s support for the church socially opposed to existentially leading to a complicated and conflicting relationship between himself, his work, religiously, socially, and over all institutionally; in the end leading to a late publish of the Origin of Species, surpassing him in his lifetime, sadly he was recognized after passing away, more so than in his study and research during his lifetime.

References

Jurmaine, Robert. "Heredity and Evolution." Introduction to Physical Anthropology. 2013-2014 ed. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2014. Print.

Leonard, Thomas C. "Origins of the myth of social Darwinism: The ambiguous legacy of Richard Hofstadter's Social Darwinism in American Thought." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 71.1 (2009): 37-51.

Thomson, Keith. "1798: Darwin and Malthus." American Scientist. Sigma Xi, The Scientific  Research Society, 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.